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Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Dergisi

5. Anthropogenic features on the submerged
Carmel nose: Stone piles, assumed to be anthro-
pogenic in origin, were found on the Carmel Nose
plate, an underwater continuation of Mount Carmel
jutting into the sea (Fig. 7). This is a 1.5x1.5 km
rocky plate located north-west of Cape Carmel,
at water depth of up to 13 m depth. Several stone
piles (3-4 m in diameter, 0.7 m high) were recorded
on this rocky plate at water depths of 5-9 m. The
piles are made of rounded to sub-rounded limestone
boulders, 20-40 cm in size. They are assumed to be
human-made features but unfortunately, they can-
not be dated, as no indicative finds were retrieved
so far. However, given the sea-level changes in the
Carmel coast (Fig. 24), and the tectonic stability of
the region during the Holocene , submerged an-
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thropogenic features located in these water depths
should be earlier than 7000 years BP. These features
may represent the remains of terrestrial structures, or
were used as shallow-water shellfish or urchin gar-
dens or fish nurseries.
6. Chalcolithic (7300-5600 BP) and Early
Bronze Age (5600-4300 BP) sites. During the 4th
millennium cal BC, the Mediterranean arboriculture
that entailed the cultivation of fruit trees (grapes,
almonds and figs), was added to the local diet, en-
abling wine production in the Levant . This period
63
also showed the earliest vegetable gardening as well Fig. 18: Atlit-Yam’da bir insan gömütü. (A. Zaid)
as intensive secondary product exploitation (of milk, Fig. 18: Human burial in Atlit-Yam. (A. Zaid)
hair and wool),while in the later phase, domestic
cattle and donkeys were exploited as beasts of bur-
64
den, for traction and for transport . By 3000 cal
BC, all elements forming the base of the commonly
termed ‘traditional Mediterranean diet’, combining
65
agro-pastoralism and fishing, were crystallized . Fig. 19: Çökel-
tilerden karotla
Judging by the sea-level curve proposed for the Car- örnek alımı. (E.
mel coast at this time (Fig. 24), it is expected that Galili)
Chalcolithic sites should be found at water depths Fig. 19: Core
of maximum 3-4 m, while Early Bronze Age sites sampling of
would be at maximum depth of 2 m. Scanty remains sediments. (E.
Galili)
of such sites, including wall foundations, were docu-
mented in the north bay of Atlit (at 1-2 m depth) and
possibly at Kfar Samir central sector.

62 GALILI et al. 2005a.
63 ZOHARY-HOPF-WEISS 2012.
64 MILEVSKI 2016.
65 GALILI et al. 2002, 2004a, 2004b.
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